Present Tense, fully mastered — all four forms, no confusion left.

Rule: add -s / -es to the verb with He/She/It (third person singular). Use does/doesn't for questions & negatives with He/She/It, and do/don't for I/You/We/They.

• 1. Habitual / repeated actions — things you do regularly. I go for a walk every morning.
• 2. General truths & facts — things that are always true. The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100°C.
• 3. Permanent situations — states that don't change often. She lives in Patna. He works at a bank.
• 4. Scheduled/timetabled future events — trains, flights, official programmes. The train leaves at 6 PM. The exam starts next Monday.
• 5. Instructions & directions — step-by-step commands. First you mix the flour, then you add water.
• 6. Narrating events in sequence — sports commentary, storytelling for effect. He passes the ball, he shoots — and it's a goal!
• 7. Feelings, senses, states (stative verbs) — verbs not normally continuous. I know the answer. She loves music. This tastes sweet.
• 8. Universal / proverbial statements. Honesty is the best policy.

Rule: use am with I, is with He/She/It, are with You/We/They. Add -ing to the base verb (drop silent -e: write→writing; double the last consonant in short stressed words: run→running).

• 1. Action happening right now — at the moment of speaking. She is cooking dinner right now.
• 2. Temporary situations — true only for a limited period, not permanent. I am staying with my uncle this month.
• 3. Fixed arrangements in the near future — personal plans already decided. We are meeting Raj tomorrow evening.
• 4. Trends & changing situations — something developing over time. The climate is changing rapidly. More people are working from home.
• 5. Repeated actions with annoyance — with "always", showing irritation. He is always losing his keys!
• 6. Describing a scene as it happens — in stories, pictures, live commentary. In this photo, the children are playing near the river.

Rule: use has with He/She/It, have with I/You/We/They. The main verb is always in its third form (V3) — regular verbs add -ed (finished), irregular verbs change form (go→gone, eat→eaten).

• 1. Recently completed action with present relevance — the result matters now. I have finished my lunch. (so I am free now)
• 2. Life experience (unspecified time) — no exact time mentioned, just "ever". She has visited Japan. He has never ridden a horse.
• 3. Action started in the past, continuing till now — with "for/since" (state verbs). I have known him for ten years. She has lived here since 2015.
• 4. Action repeated several times up to now. I have read this book three times.
• 5. Recent news / just happened — with "just", "already", "yet". He has just left. Have you eaten yet? I have already told him.
• 6. Action within an unfinished time period — today, this week, this year (period not over). I have called him twice this week.

Rule: use has been with He/She/It, have been with I/You/We/They, followed by the verb + -ing. This tense always highlights how long an action has been happening.

• 1. Action started in the past, still continuing, with duration emphasised. I have been learning English for two years.
• 2. Action just finished, but its effect / evidence is visible now. She has been crying. (her eyes are red now)
• 3. Temporary action repeated over recent period, leading up to now. He has been practising every day this month.
• 4. Expressing irritation or impatience about an ongoing action. You have been playing games all day!
• 5. Asking or explaining how long something has continued. How long have you been waiting here?